(+)-MK 801 mg br Introduction Edible bird s nest EBN

Introduction Edible bird's nest (EBN), known as the health and precious food, is produced from the saliva secretion of several different swiftlet species. Researches have shown the nutritional value of the EBN with the containing of glycoproteins, carbohydrates, essential amino acids, minerals and other elements (Lee et al., 2017). The recent researches systematically and scientifically revealed the functions and bioactivities of EBN including anti-aging (Kim et al., 2012), anti-inflammatory properties (Vimala, Hussain, & Nazaimoon, 2012), and the improvement of cognitive ability (Xie et al., 2018). With the increasing demand of EBN in Asian countries and North America, EBN market exhibits a huge business opportunity due to the high price of EBN products which are normally classified into raw EBN and instant EBN. Therefore, the occurrence of adding low-price adulterants in EBN production, especially in instant EBN, has emerged for a long time for seeking the huge commercial profit. Plant-exude, gum karaya, pork skin, fish skin, algae and egg white have been used commonly as the cheap substitutes (Ma & Liu, 2012). With the development of modern analysis techniques and further researches in the characterization of EBN, the authentication and the quality assurance of EBN can be accomplished successfully. Many scientific methods have been established. Gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry (MS) were used in EBN identification by determine the composition of compounds such as saccharides (Yang, Cheung, Li, & Cheung, 2014), (+)-MK 801 mg (Seow, Ibrahim, Muhammad, Lee, & Cheng, 2016) and peptides (Kong, Wong, & Lo, 2016). The microstructure and shape of EBN were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Yang et al., 2014). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy could distinguish authentic and fake EBN according to the differences in spectra of samples (Guo et al., 2017). The thermal decomposition characteristics of EBN were studied by thermal analysis with thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry for the rapid identification of EBN (Shim, Chandra, & Lee, 2017). Recently molecular biological technique has been proved to be a sensitive and effective method for identification and classification of EBN products. TaqMan based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Guo et al., 2014), FINS and SYBR green I based real-time PCR (Quek, Chin, Tan, Yusof, & Law, 2018) and the combination of PCR and 2DGE methods (Wu et al., 2010) were applied for the judgment of EBN and adulterant. Based on the researches on the nutritional composition (Quek, Chin, Yusof, Law, & Tan, 2018; Shi et al., 2017) and the proteomic profile of EBN (Wong et al., 2018), proteins (especially glycoproteins) were found to be the major component of EBN, which could be used as a specific indicator in EBN detection (Liu et al., 2012). Zhang (Zhang et al., 2012) reported a competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay for the detection of characteristic glycoprotein. This ELISA method was developed to specifically quantitate glycoproteins in EBN products, and the fake EBN products were identified and classified. However most of these techniques require well-trained experts, complex test procedures and expensive instruments, and they may not be suitable for on-site testing. Lateral flow immunoassay has been considered as the efficient and sensitive analysis method, and was gained an increasing attention due to the fast analysis, simplified procedure and portability. Lateral flow immunoassay has been applied in various applications, such as the detection of proteins (Koizumi, Shirota, Akita, Oda, & Akiyama, 2014), oligonucleotides (Qiu et al., 2015), metal ions (Yao et al., 2016), illegal additives (Berlina, Zherdev, Xu, Eremin, & Dzantiev, 2017), bacterial (Wang et al., 2017), pesticides (Yao, Liu, Song, Kuang, & Xu, 2017), antibiotics (Mukunzi, Isanga, Suryoprabowo, Liu, & Kuang, 2017) and biotoxins (Chen et al., 2016). While the application of lateral flow immunoassay was suffered with some obstacles due to the limited sensitivity and cross reaction. Great efforts have been focused on the improvement of analytical performance either by the production of high-affinity antibodies (Liu, Peng, Xie, Song, Kuang, & Xu, 2017; Liu et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2017), or by the integration with promising nanomaterials. The silica-based nanomaterials are the ideal matrix for making nanohybrid which exhibit improved signal intensity and stability. Based on our previous researches (Xu et al., 2014), the composite nanomaterials demonstrated prominent signal-enhancement in lateral flow immunoassay, compared to that using single nanomaterial as signaling-labels. Thus the gold-nanoparticle-decorated silica nanorod (Au@SiO2) was introduced as color labels and conjugated with report antibodies in lateral flow immunoassay for signal generating.