• Recent studies have shown that some CLC genes participate

  2020-02-05

  

  Recent studies have shown that some CLC genes participate in plant salt tolerance and have speculated that they function by mediating Cl− transport across the tonoplast. For instance, AtCLCc, a vacuolar anion transporter, is shown to be involved in the regulation of stomatal movement and to contribu

• All tested antibodies exhibited positive immunoreactivity in

  2020-02-05

  

  All tested Nicotine exhibited positive immunoreactivity in NSCLC tumors, with N’-epitope being the less expressed (both as overall positivity and number of positive cases, or intensity combined with number of positive cells, as provided by H-Score. This result is in accordance with previous studies

• Because EBI is expressed on the major

  2020-02-05

  

  Because EBI2 is expressed on the major subsets of immune cells, and small molecule antagonists for EBI2 were recently described (Benned-Jensen et al., 2013, Gessier et al., 2014), EBI2 constitutes a tempting drug target reminiscent of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor superagonist fingolimod/Gile

• The human MARCH family comprises

  2020-02-05

  

  The human MARCH family comprises eleven members (termed MARCH-1 to 11), of which nine are transmembrane proteins. In this review, we focus on the role of the membrane-spanning MARCH proteins and how their transmembrane regions can mediate interactions with their target proteins. Therefore, the cytos

• All known vertebrate TRIMs are categorized in

  2020-02-05

  

  All known vertebrate TRIMs are categorized in 11 distinct subclasses depending on the types of domains present at their carboxyl-terminals (Fig. 3) [29], [35]. Beyond conserved N-terminal domains, it is the C-terminal that provides specificity of interactions with other proteins. The subclass IV for

• br Introduction The identification of genetic variants that

  2020-02-05

  

  Introduction The identification of genetic variants that influence susceptibility to Parkinson\'s disease (PD) determines functional studies, the generation of model systems and directs therapeutic strategies. To date, classical candidate gene association studies and genome-wide approaches have f

• br Localization of D receptors in striatum One characteristi

  2020-02-05

  

  Localization of D2 receptors in striatum One characteristic of D2Rs that has complicated their study is their expression in multiple neuronal populations within striatum, both pre- and postsynaptically (Beaulieu and Gainetdinov, 2011). In addition to spiny projection neurons (SPNs), which are the

• br DGAT proteins lipid droplets

  2020-02-05

  

  DGAT proteins, lipid droplets and cancer cells Conclusions and future directions Conflicts of interest Acknowledgements This work was supported by NIH grants GM062887, P01CA097132, and Veterans Affairs Merit Award to LMO. Introduction Bioethanol and biodiesel are regarded as the two

• The activity of cysteine endopeptidases involved in the germ

  2020-02-04

  

  The activity of cysteine endopeptidases involved in the germination of caryopses is generally regulated at two levels: the hormonal induction of synthesis by gibberellins (Drzymała et al., 2008) and a putative regulation of activity by phytocystatines (Kiyosaki et al., 2007, Martinez et al., 2009),

• Downregulation of tumor suppressors is a major factor that l

  2020-02-04

  

  Downregulation of tumor suppressors is a major factor that leads to tumorigenesis. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), a common tumor suppressor, the p97 of which is often downregulated or even absent in the majority of human cancers, functions as a phosphatase to dephos

• Transduction of cellular signals by G protein

  2020-02-04

  

  Transduction of cellular signals by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is stringently regulated to prevent the deleterious effects of unrestrained GPCR signaling. The rapid termination of signaling mediated by agonist-occupied GPCRs is referred to as homologous desensitization and involves the foll

• br Introduction Receptor tyrosine kinases RTKs

  2020-02-04

  

  Introduction Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are critically involved in the development and progression of human cancers and are therefore useful targets for anti-cancer therapies [1]. The Eph receptors represent the largest subfamily of receptor protein kinases and interact with ligands called

• One of the most fundamental distinctions between Ub signals

  2020-02-04

  

  One of the most fundamental distinctions between Ub signals is substrate monoubiquitination versus polyubiquitination. With the exception of the E2, UBE2W, which represents a special case because it Copanlisib only ubiquitinates the flexible N-termini of substrates [5], [6], [20], most examples of

• br Substoichiometric substrate modification E ligases

  2020-02-04

  

  Substoichiometric substrate modification E3 ligases catalyze the rapid transfer of the SUMOD from the E2 enzyme to the substrate. By definition, enzymes are recycled in the reaction, allowing multiple rounds of substrate modification by a single enzyme. Thus, enzymes function at substoichiometric

• Verapamil a calcium channel blocker used clinically

  2020-02-04

  

  Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker used clinically as a coronary vasodilator, was amongst the first compounds identified that could reverse MDR and potentiate the effects of MDR1 substrates such as vincristine [15], [16]. Verapamil, along with a number of other MDR1 blockers, have proved largely u

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